Postindustrial cities experience unique struggles with fiscal health. This report looks at how areas in Pennsylvania’s Third Federal Reserve District have been impacted by deindustrialization and provides examples of how municipalities have responded.

This research looks at the economies of 11 metropolitan statistical areas in Pennsylvania and explores the extent to which they include opportunity occupations, or occupations characterized by above-average pay for workers without a bachelor’s degree.

This report describes the features, similarities, and challenges of 13 small Third Federal Reserve District cities. The author provides suggestions for how these cities can flourish in a post-industrial economy.