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This article explore the barriers faced by people interested in homeownership. The author identifies three main barriers: affordability, systemic, and personal.

The Program “It’s About Change” focuses on preventing recidivism in York and Harrisburg. This report details the organization’s impact, including the number of clients, their demographic characteristics, and services provided.

In this book, Taplin-Kaguru explores how the exclusion of Black Americans from homeownership has impacted the larger system of race inequality in America, including disparities in education, health, employment, and criminal justice.

As governments switch over information about and application processes for public assistance, Monticello finds that they divert less resources to non-digital points of contact for citizens such as call centers and case work offices

Researchers use 1,824 interview with people who have a serious mental illness to explain the frequent housing, employment, and education discrimination this group experiences.

Desmond studies the link between evictions and the cycle of poverty using multiple methods to study the impact of evictions in a Milwaukee trailer community. He finds that eviction is a more common occurrence in urban, black communities, and that black women are evicted at a much more significant rate than any other demographic.

Kim explores how the allocation of limited public resources for low-income housing programs can exacerbate inequality among those in poverty.

Black and brown Americans have been disproportionately affected by the coronavirus pandemic. Once the federal eviction moratorium is over, communities of color are going to be hit the hardest with mass evictions, which will increase their overall poverty and homeownership rates.

This article explains repeated homelessness among women to advocate for more public housing and support services to limit the issue.

This article supports the need for quality housing and explains how public perceptions influence policy. Mueller and Tighe examine the connections between housing insecurity and health and education.

This report shows how the benefits to homeownership have been unequally distributed among communities of color and how racial discrimination has reduced the financial benefits of homeownership.

Since the race riots in 1968 and 1969, the black and white income gap in York has remained unchanged. The median income of black households has decreased, and family poverty of black households has increased, making it even harder for black households to afford the rising costs of homeownership.

This data shows the disparities in access to technology between households who receive HUD assistance and households who do not.

This chart shows the disparities in homeownership as it relates to the race of residents in occupied housing units and can be used to support claims of housing discrimination.

This article goes into the social impact of housing policy, and how it is responsible for the construction of “socially intolerance ideologies around neighborhood desirability and who constitutes desirable neighbors”

Rusk says that the “little box” structure of local government “impedes meaningful collaboration on key issues like anti-sprawl land use planning and zoning; ‘fair share’ affordable, mixed income housing; tax base and revenue sharing; economic development initiatives;” and other shared services.

The authors research the relationship between access to public transit and employment opportunities in medium-sized metropolitan areas. They recommend expanding businesses in areas with public transit to make more high-wage employment opportunities available for low-income residents.

The researchers use qualitative interviews to study the safety, housing stability, service utilization and health outcomes for women who are victims of intimate partner violence.

In this interview, food justice advocate Karen Washington encourages the use of the term “food apartheid” instead of “food desert” to refer to how food systems intersect with poverty, racism, healthcare, and unemployment.

This brief uses information from a community listening campaign to understand vaccine hesitancy within at-risk populations and where residents received information about the coronavirus vaccine.

This report seeks to understand how tax deferments in York County relate to opportunity zones and how they are used for economic development.

This audit evaluates York City’s school safety, finances, administration, inventory procedures, and compliance with state laws, regulations, contracts, and procedures.

Postindustrial cities experience unique struggles with fiscal health. This report looks at how areas in Pennsylvania’s Third Federal Reserve District have been impacted by deindustrialization and provides examples of how municipalities have responded.

This report tracks the involvement of York County’s aging population in the community, including contributions to the local economy, civic engagement, and philanthropy.

This report shares the most recent ALICE data for Pennsylvania. It provides a snapshot of the state’s economic conditions and explains why the COVID-19 pandemic has brought about intense financial stress to Pennsylvania families.

This report measures the number of York County households considered to be Asset Limited, Income Constrained, and Employed and outlines the areas most cost-burdensome. These households earn more than the federal poverty level but less than the basic cost of living.

This report summarizes findings from a community health needs assessment conducted in Adams and York County. Key findings conclude that the major health risks relate to obesity, diet and exercise, and mental health.

This data measures high, middle, and low access to opportunity employment (jobs that do not require a four-year degree and pay above the natinoal annual median wage) by public transit in York County.

This tool depicts trends of rental housing affordability from 2011 to 2018 in the Third Federal Reserve District, breaking down cost burdens for extremely low income, very low income, and low income individuals.

This research looks at the economies of 11 metropolitan statistical areas in Pennsylvania and explores the extent to which they include opportunity occupations, or occupations characterized by above-average pay for workers without a bachelor’s degree.

This report describes the features, similarities, and challenges of 13 small Third Federal Reserve District cities. The author provides suggestions for how these cities can flourish in a post-industrial economy.

This study researches the affordable housing supply deficit in the Third Federal Reserve District. Divringi finds that extremely and very low income renters are most affected by a lack of affordable housing supply.

This report evaluates the extent to which areas within York County experience food insecurity. York City experiences high rates of food insecurity with low rates of food distribution. The authors encourage providers to collaborate to increase the distribution of fresh food and focus on areas of greatest need.

Since the 90s, tax burdens have grown for all municipalities. The report analyzes the impact of Act 47 which lays out the state’s responsibility to assist municipalities experiencing severe financial difficulties to ensure the health, safety, and welfare of its citizens. They find that participation has little effect on a municipality’s fiscal situation.

People’s life expectancies vary depending on where in York County they live. This report examines these disparities as they relate to income, racial makeup, poverty, and school district rank.

This report looks at where nonprofit hospitals invest their money. Budget lines include community health improvements, building expenditures, and initiatives to bridge racial and economic service gaps. The researchers find that hospitals in high poverty or rural counties are less likely to spend on community building activities.

York County Stakeholders establish a plan for the next 10 years which aims to increase the number of women and minority-owned businesses; close income gaps; support local art and recreation; decrease the number of ALICE households; expand access to broadband Internet; and attract employers that offer high-paying employment.

This report uses surveys and focus groups to understand the needs of York County’s Hispanic and Latinx population.

This report provides context to the affordable housing crisis in the Third Federal Reserve District. A lack of access to financial capital makes it difficult for residents to find consistent, quality housing and afford basic necessities.

Those in the Third Federal Reserve District who cannot access the means to attain education or job training find it difficult to secure well-paying employment. This report identifies the main barriers to this kind of employment and opportunities to grow a local workforce.

This research examines the use of community and economic development grants in metro areas, comparing which areas see greater rates of investment than others and for what purposes grants are allotted.

Rusk explains the impact of suburban sprawl and concentrated poverty on the quality of life of York County residents. He provides recommendations for solutions, including mixed-income housing, county resource-sharing, and urban revival.

The Federal Reserve Banks of Philadelphia and Atlanta analyze what regional characteristics lead large foundations to fund community and economic development activities.